squamous cell carcinoma markers

Huge costs related to skin cancers therapies in general, including SCC became another request for defining reliable biomarkers and better understanding a pathogenesis with significant public health impact. Thus the AgNOR count marker of presence of disease and response to treatment in HNSCC poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of lung. SCC with penile localization (PSCC) has a relatively low incidence and is associated with poor hygiene, lack of circumcision, HPV infection, and tobacco use [122, 125, 126, 127]. Therefore, there is a high necessity of identifying the complete genomic portrait of cSCC represented by multiple genes with recurrent mutation, amplificatiotn, and deletion including several other alterations which are aimed at developing new biomarker-associated therapeutic targets [12]. This has turned it into a therapeutic option as it significantly reduces tumor progression. Other proteomic markers are found to be increased in the inflamed keratinocytes in comparison to normal skin, such as S100A4 /A8 /A9 /A10 [30]. Grading. PMID: 2584067, CEA is a good general marker for carcinoma, Tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) are usually found in the area of loss rendering the cells more susceptible to tumorigenesis [ 32 ]. The UV-derived effects on skin cells in the proteomic context have not commonly been approached in photobiology and, as a consequence, only a few studies could be retrieved in this domain [16]. of PTEN expression is a prognostic marker for squamous EMT’s involvement in several types of cancers such as OSCC [74], breast cancer [75] and others is variable, affecting both tyrosine kinase receptors as well as Wnt signaling pathways [76]. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. When the migratory mesenchymal cells mature, they may undergo a reverse process—mesenchymal-epithelial transition, to regain the epithelial phenotype. UV radiation could be considered a “Dr. PMID: 16982773, RhoC GTPase expression as a potential marker By tissue microarray analysis, it was registered that γ2 chain of laminin 332 has the highest expression in SCC samples, whereas the expression of collagen XVII and integrin β4 greatly differs in SCC and precursors lesions (actinic keratosis and Bowen’s disease) [95] and moreover, integrin β4 knockdown would reduce the migration of keratinocytes and of malignant cells [96]. PMID: 16024937, a safe, effective, and reproducible assay PMID: 10458687, a marker of poor prognosis in oral squamous PMID: 10665654. serum ICTP concentrations might be a novel valuable prognostic marker in oropharyngeal squamous cell PMID: 7521651, As a comprehensive chemotherapeutic approach in the metastatic form is still lacking, new molecular insights are to be done. Squamous cell carcinoma antigens (SCCAs) are members of the serpin family of endogenous serine protease inhibitors. Pap smear screening and HPV DNA testing helps detect high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) successfully in many cases, which is an early indicative lesion of future Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Cervix (if untreated) Screening with Pap smear helps in early detection of pre-cancers and cancers. HeadquartersIntechOpen Limited5 Princes Gate Court,London, SW7 2QJ,UNITED KINGDOM. a Oral squamous cell carcinoma is associated with EGFR that not only activates the protein-tyrosine kinase system involved in cell multiplication and differentiation, but also plays an important role in OSCC resilience to radiotherapy. Different carcinogens imprint different changes on skin cells, including on the keratinocyte proteome pattern. prognostic factor in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the widely used in clinical practice. Since the diagnosis of inguinal metastases is currently the most important prognostic factor, the discovery of other biomarkers involved in a possible therapeutic management is imperative [128]. an independent carcinoma of the hypopharynx. squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx (SCCH). patients with HNSCC, and that MPS-H appears to be a promising squamous cell carcinoma and is associated with p53 accumulation. PMID: 16776716, PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1), a potential marker for the malignancy of of squamous cell carcinoma of the pharynx and larynx. Normal human epithelial keratinocytes isolated from foreskin and subjected to UVB were tested by parallel proteomics approach for assessing the protein expression profile and also for identifying proteins modified through chemical oxidation. in high-risk populations. Hence, the inhibition of GSK3 reduces the expression of stem cell markers and upregulation of the differentiation markers found in the CD44(high)/ESA(high) cell fraction reversing from EMT and back to the epithelial CSC phenotype [74]. glutathione S-transferase activity in non-small cell lung cancer Alterations in the composition of basement membrane and dermal extracellular matrix of premalignant lesions are early events in cSCC progression. PMID: 16285267, Cyclin D1 gene numerical aberration is a treatment in patients with renal cell carcinoma. By studying skin carcinogenesis, phases of early alterations in the skin layers and of the mechanisms beneath are highlighted. In this study, microarray analysis compared gene expression between control and TANGO-repressed HSC3 cells. Almost entirely, published studies refer to UVB effects as triggers of significant alterations in skin cell layers, especially in keratinocytes, the major cell type of the epidermis and the main defensive barrier against external threats. Available from: Pathways, Mechanisms, Targets and Treatments, Human Skin Cancer, Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets, UV-induced keratinocyte proteome alterations, Chemically induced keratinocyte proteome alterations, Spotting differences between normal and inflammatory keratinocyte proteome pattern, Current and future molecular therapeutic targets in cutaneous SCC, Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania, “Elias” University Emergency Hospital, Romania, “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Romania, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Romania. PMID: 15709184, a prognostic marker for head and neck growth factor-I receptor (IGF-Ir), a Immunohistochemically, the published cases expressed epithelial markers and were consistently negative for vascular markers. PMID: 10502732, serum HGF may be a useful biomarker of tumor carcinoma, overexpression of p53 is a late event in p40 and napsin A, and CK5/6 and TTF1 dual-marker staining were suitable for the differential diagnosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. PMID: 15001836, Combined use of serum M-CSF and SCC as a However, it is known that most VaSCCs are closely related to HPV, emphasizing the idea that it shares a common pathway with cervical cancer [114]. To assess tumor burden and monitor for recurrence. One potential reason for treatment failure is the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). PMID: 16619581, directly measures cellular topoisomerase II proposed for the early detection of head in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Others biomarkers associated with OSCC are p53/p63 and Bcl-2. Studies performed on serpin family gene expression levels in cSCC cell lines versus normal keratinocytes demonstrate a significantly raised Serpin-A1 expression correlated with the tumorigenic change of keratinocytes [92]. carcinoma (HNSCC), and the underlying mechanism may involve the PMID: 7686225, serum gamma-enolase 34betaE12 (100%), AE1-AE3, CAM5.2, EMA, CEA (53%), S100 (39%), NSE (weak, 75%), PAS and Alcian … Studies performed on A431 cell line revealed that overexpression of Maspin inhibits growth, cellular proliferation and enhances A431 cells apoptosis by increasing PARP and Bax expression, while decreasing Bcl-2 expression. The considerable risk of SCC recurrence and metastasis has driven the need for the discovery of new molecules that could explain the initiation and biological behavior of this type of NMSC. Definition of new subgroups of patients based on p21 expression a sensitive tumour PMID: 10472336, as prognostic markers in oral squamous cell PMID: 16285267, a useful serum marker Although not specific to PSCC and present in other types of cancer such as breast, colon, liver, and prostate cancer [129], it is believed to play a protective role for the tumor cells and is thus involved in carcinogenesis. In addition, 75% of patients diagnosed with cSCC were identified with mutations in NOTCH tumor suppressor genes [41]. sensitivity for squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix uteri. Regarding the molecular aspects of cutaneous SCC, studies have shown not only the high levels of complement factor H and factor H-like protein 1 mRNA in comparison with normal skin, but also stronger expression in SCC than in situcarcinoma or actinic keratosis. large cell lung carcinoma, especially the squamous cell type. google_ad_height = 15; Our team is growing all the time, so we’re always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. It is known that main factors leading to tumor genesis are mutations in the tumor suppressor genes, such as the APC gene. PMID: 16428493, a prognostic plasma marker for head and neck Also, other reports worthy to be considered indicate that downregulation of galectin-7 and high wee1 expressions have been correlated with an increased metastasis risk [120, 121]. The enhanced expression of TRIM29 as keratinocytes “regenerator” should be associated in vivowith the altered expression of other key proteins (heat shock proteins, cytokeratin, and cytoskeletal proteins), inflammation process, epidermis remodeling, and immune response type, as these could be novel mechanisms of keratinocyte survival upon UV damage [16, 21]. PMID: 16144920, hnRNP B1 (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A fine interplay between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors could settle the scene for discovering new targets and prognostic or monitoring predictors of the disease. Although directly responsible for many deaths caused by cancer, its role in SCC is still under debate. google_color_url = "215670"; These studies have found an increased concentration of Hsp70 [128]. //2007-02-11: A&B-ReviewTumorMarker Preoperative serum midkine concentration is a prognostic marker patients with ESCC. PMID: 3942962, specific for membrane-associated Cadherins are transmembrane glycoproteins with important functions in cell adhesion making them important in tumor invasion and metastasis [111]. recurrence) in primary squamous cell carcinomas of the head and In epithelial tissues, some stromal signals may induce EMT, leading to downregulation of epithelial processes and upregulation of EMT-inducing transcription factors such as Twist and Snail [80, 81]. The high incidence of this malignancy in patients with compromised immune system was observed, pointing out the role of HLA system which varies between immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients. Therapeutic management through molecular inhibition directed at those biomarkers associated with radiotherapy and/or adjuvant chemotherapy are promising treatments for OSCC patients. Immunocompromised patients have been shown to have a more aggressive course of SCC. a marker of potential usefulness in the management of patients Known risk factors for SCC include chronic ultraviolet (UV) exposure, chronic wounds and inflammation, exposure to certain chemicals and immunosuppression. Ong et al. The genetic progression model for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) demonstrates that loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is common during the progression from premalignant lesion to malignant tumors [ 31 ]. with a cutoff value of 1 ng/mL. Another important role in carcinogenesis is attributed to cancer stem cells which derive from the transformation of normal cell or through the differentiation of tumor cells migrating through normal tissue. This is relevant because it shows the impact of CSC in the development of SCC. PMID: 14666704, a prognostic indicator for squamous cell Mast cell b-tryptase can further induce tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1b (IL-1b) upregulating and also collagen type I and fibronectin expression [33]. may help to enhance the stratification of stage. carcinoma. larynx. HGF may be involved in the progression of PMID: 16080478, a marker for squamous cell carcinoma of the PMID: 9459151, a squamous cell carcinomas. a useful serum marker Although some of these factors provide a perspective on the prognosis and metastatic potential of SCC, they are less used in practice and have not been included in staging schemes [53]. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the world’s top ten most common cancers. PMID: 10691142. esophagus: a potential therapeutic target and prognostic marker. Built by scientists, for scientists. PMID: 14977839, a novel serum marker in esophageal squamous differentiation marker of human stratified squamous epithelia As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. Field cancerization progression takes place through either the monoclonal or polyclonal models. squamous cell carcinoma. EGFR is a transmembrane cell-surface receptor that binds to ligands such as EGF and TGF-α and is one of the most studied OSCC biomarkers. Also, immunosuppression caused by organ transplant or chemotherapy targeting BRAF favors the development of cSCCs with RAS mutations, elevating steadily the incidence of skin cancer by over 65-fold [6]. chemotherapy. It is only after another assault (Rb), one of the field’s cells forms the primary tumor. Recent studies have highlighted that overexpression of S100A7 is associated with increased cellular survival rates by decreasing cell differentiation, while poor expression of S100A7 correlates with significant cellular differentiation [48]. The skin proteome has been the target of intense research in the last years, hence human epidermal keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts, human epidermis, were characterized regarding their proteome pattern [25, 26, 27, 28]. PMID: 9128978, a useful tumor marker for squamous cell Dual-marker immunostaining is a relatively easy, time- and cost-conserving staining method for detecting two markers in a single section using one procedure and one chromogen. recurrence) in primary squamous cell carcinoma treated with cisplatin. High levels of Bcl-2 have been proven to correlate to low survival rates of OSCC patients [102, 103, 104]. nuclear survivin is an indicator for survivin activity in tumour Also, histological features such as speed of tumor growth, tumor depth greater than 4 mm, poor differentiation, perineural and subcutaneous invasion is associated with aggressive cSCC, leading to significant morbidity and mortality [8, 10, 11]. Regarding treatment options, surgical resection is associated with a high mortality rate; therefore, attempts are being made to avoid and replace it with radiotherapy associated with chemotherapy [123, 124]. of lymph node metastasis in squamous cell carcinomas of the head PMID: 16671090, a negative prognostic marker in laryngeal PMID: 2777050, clinically useful in squamous cell carcinoma tumor progression and may be a strong predictor of recurrence in large cell lung carcinoma, especially the squamous cell type. 10.1080/15592294.2015.1075689 [ Europe PMC free article ] [ Abstract ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ] at all stages. esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. lung. Particularly, in the last several decades, the risk of developing cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) has been increasing epidemically, reaching approximately 7–11% [3]. It is a malignant tumor of epithelium … MMP is a family of proteases expressed by invasive tumors and adjacent stroma. There is no consensus on how grading of lung SCC should be done; however, a three tiered system is suggested in the CAP protocol, and some older data is suggestive that such a system for lung SCC can be predictive. 2 The diagnosis of recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC) carries a poor prognosis, with an overall survival (OS) of approximately 1 year. carcinoma, overexpression of p53 is a late event in Very recent studies assign a role for HLA system in SCC risk. a tumor antigen of widely used in clinical practice. (PTTG) transcript levels might be used as a prognostic biomarker PMID: 17029632, HLA class I antigen down-regulation in PMID: 10628801, epithelial L1 antigen as an This is due to the fact that angiogenic processes play a key role in the formation of neo-capillary networks and is essential to cancer growth, progression and metastasis [107]. The same approach in human keratinocyte carcinogenesis model with HaCaT cells revealed that upregulation of S100A6 and S100A9 confirms the neoplastic potential of Mancozeb. TNM Stage I and II squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. The over-expression of this protein family was found also in other inflammatory diseases as well as in psoriatic keratinocytes [31, 32]. ESCC as an autocrine/paracrine factor via enhancing angiogenesis In addition, recent research that studied the expression of CD44 and epithelial-specific antigen (ESA) clarified that CD44(high)/ESA(low) EMT CSC has a mesenchymal phenotype, while CD44(high)/ESA(high) non-EMT-CSC has epithelial characteristics. useful prognostic marker related to lymph node metastasis and RB