There are frequent horse race meetings and greyhound stadiums are well-attended. Irish remained the dominant literary language down to the nineteenth century, despite the spread of English from the seventeenth century on. Gaelic games are governed by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), with the exception of women's Gaelic football and camogie (women's variant of hurling), which are governed by separate organisations. The two official languages of the Republic of Ireland are Irish and English. By 16,000 BC, rising sea levels caused by ice melting caused Ireland to become separated from Great Britain. The traditionally high levels of religiosity have sharply declined. Donegal Bay is shaped like a funnel and catches west/south-west Atlantic winds, creating good surf, especially in winter. [citation needed] When Henry's successor died unexpectedly in 1199, John inherited the crown of England and retained the Lordship of Ireland. [65] If a prewar population of 1.5 million is assumed, this would mean that the population was reduced by almost half. Ireland is located in the north-west of Europe, between latitudes 51° and 56° N, and longitudes 11° and 5° W. It is separated from Great Britain by the Irish Sea and the North Channel, which has a width of 23 kilometres (14 mi) at its narrowest point. The British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference provides for co-operation between the Government of Ireland and the Government of the United Kingdom on all matters of mutual interest, especially Northern Ireland. The winters destroyed stored crops of potatoes and other staples, and the poor summers severely damaged harvests. Unionists, especially those located in Ulster, were strongly opposed to Home Rule, which they thought would be dominated by Catholic interests. About 400 species of birds have been recorded in Ireland. Porter remains very popular, although it has lost sales since the mid-20th century to lager. [81], The Easter Rising of 1916 was carried out by the latter group together with a smaller socialist militia, the Irish Citizen Army. The bull encouraged Henry to take control in Ireland in order to oversee the financial and administrative reorganisation of the Irish Church and its integration into the Roman Church system. During that time, Ulster (1999),[208] Munster (2006[209] and 2008)[208] and Leinster (2009, 2011 and 2012)[208] have won the Heineken Cup. [215] The 2006 Ryder Cup was held at The K Club in County Kildare. Ireland's pre-Christian heritage fused with the Celtic Church following the missions of Saint Patrick in the 5th century. Not just a venue. Other notable Irish physicists include Ernest Walton, winner of the 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics. Religion has played a significant role in the cultural life of the island since ancient times (and since the 17th century plantations, has been the focus of political identity and divisions on the island). GDP fell by 3% in 2008 and by 7.1% in 2009, the worst year since records began (although earnings by foreign-owned businesses continued to grow). Sea angling is developed with many beaches mapped and signposted,[221] and the range of sea angling species is around 80. He, along with his expedition, made the first ascent of Mount Erebus and the discovery of the approximate location of the South Magnetic Pole. Since just before the year 2010, Bundoran has hosted European championship surfing. Further south, along the County Wexford coastline, is an area of granite intrusives into more Ordovician and Silurian rocks, like that found in Wales.[131][132]. Henry was authorised to impose a tithe of one penny per hearth as an annual contribution. A population of over 8 million in 1841 was reduced to slightly more than 4 million by 1921. Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. [52][unreliable source? Grazing in this manner is one of the main factors preventing the natural regeneration of forests across many regions of the country.[155]. Facts about Republic of Ireland talk about the sovereign state, which covers five-sixths of Irish Island. 200,000 civilians are estimated to have died as a result of a combination of war-related famine, displacement, guerrilla activity and pestilence throughout the war. The Island of Ireland: Drowning the Myth of an Irish Land-bridge? [68][69] Local gentry and charitable organisations provided relief but could do little to prevent the ensuing mortality.[68][69]. The total number of species is 574[149] The island has been invaded by some algae, some of which are now well established.[150]. During its first decade, the newly formed Irish Free State was governed by the victors of the civil war. Later major groups included the Connachta, Ciannachta, Eóganachta. As observed on the physical map of Ireland above, the country has a significantly diverse topography despite its … John Lighton Synge made progress in different fields of science, including mechanics and geometrical methods in general relativity. [15], During the last glacial period, and until about 10,000 BC, most of Ireland was periodically covered in ice. The same president can only be elected twice (14 years). Steering the Catholic Relief Bill through Parliament, aided by future prime minister Robert Peel, Wellington prevailed upon a reluctant George IV to sign the Bill and proclaim it into law. In 1922 having seceded from the United Kingdom under the Anglo-Irish Treaty, it became the Irish Free State. [55] Some restructuring had already begun at the ecclesiastical level following the Synod of Kells in 1152. [193] Vocal and instrumental music (e.g. Great poverty encouraged a subsistence approach to food, and by the mid-19th century the vast majority of the population sufficed with a diet of potatoes and milk. The island fields a single international team in most sports. Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom with a local executive and assembly which exercise devolved powers. In the Republic of Ireland, the ESB has failed to modernise its power stations, and the availability of power plants has recently averaged only 66%, one of the worst such rates in Western Europe. Law and order broke down as unrest and inter-communal violence increased. The earlier names, in contrast, were likely to have been coined before direct contact with local peoples was made. The country is sometimes called the Republic of Ireland in order to distinguish between the territory of the Irish state and island proper, but Ireland is its official name. The government is headed by a prime minister, the Taoiseach, who is appointed by the President on the nomination of the lower house of parliament, the Dáil. [98] The government's reaction to confrontations was seen to be one-sided and heavy-handed in favour of unionists. In addition to this, the Irish International side has had increased success in the Six Nations Championship against the other European elite sides. The second-largest island of the British Isles lies west of Great Britain. It covers about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. How can this be increased? [109], There are three World Heritage Sites on the island: the Brú na Bóinne, Skellig Michael and the Giant's Causeway. In turn, Henry accepted the title of Lord of Ireland which Henry conferred on his younger son, John Lackland, in 1185. The British response, executing fifteen leaders of the Rising over a period of ten days and imprisoning or interning more than a thousand people, turned the mood of the country in favour of the rebels. Northern Ireland, as part of the United Kingdom, was not neutral during the Second World War, and Belfast suffered four bombing raids in 1941. [60], By the end of the 15th century, central English authority in Ireland had all but disappeared, and a renewed Irish culture and language, albeit with Norman influences, was dominant again. The main political parties in Ireland are Fine Gael 25%, Sinn Féin 22%, Fianna Fail 18%, the Labour Party 7% and others, ref RED C poll 29 th June 2014. Several different habitat types are found in Ireland, including farmland, open woodland, temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, conifer plantations, peat bogs and a variety of coastal habitats. Country Code: +353: International Exit Code: 00: Continent: Europa: Area: 70,280 km 2: … This control was consolidated during the wars and conflicts of the 17th century, including the English and Scottish colonisation in the Plantations of Ireland, the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Williamite War. In response, the Irish parliament passed the Statutes of Kilkenny in 1367. The Republic of Ireland (Eire) is the only English-speaking Catholic nation. Irish, though now only the language of a minority, was the vernacular of the Irish people for thousands of years and was possibly introduced during the Iron Age. The Common Agricultural Policy had in the past subsidised potentially destructive agricultural practices, for example by emphasising production without placing limits on indiscriminate use of fertilisers and pesticides; but reforms have gradually decoupled subsidies from production levels and introduced environmental and other requirements. The passage of the Act in the Irish Parliament was ultimately achieved with substantial majorities, having failed on the first attempt in 1799. Golf is very popular, and golf tourism is a major industry attracting more than 240,000 golfing visitors annually. More than one million people died from starvation and disease, with an additional million people emigrating during the famine, mostly to the United States and Canada. In 1798, members of the Protestant Dissenter tradition (mainly Presbyterian) made common cause with Roman Catholics in a republican rebellion inspired and led by the Society of United Irishmen, with the aim of creating an independent Ireland. Ireland has a total area of 84,421 km (32,595 sq mi), of which the Republic of Ireland occupies 83 percent. Hydrocarbon exploration is ongoing following the first major find at the Kinsale Head gas field off Cork in the mid-1970s. Over the following century, the population was reduced by over half, at a time when the general trend in European countries was for populations to rise by an average of three-fold. Country occupying most of the island of Ireland, nw Europe. [127] Ireland and Great Britain, together with many nearby smaller islands, are known collectively as the British Isles. In broad terms, Ireland is regarded as one of the Celtic nations of Europe, alongside Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, Isle of Man and Brittany. With no large apex predators in Ireland other than humans and dogs, such populations of animals as semi-wild deer that cannot be controlled by smaller predators, such as the fox, are controlled by annual culling. To the west is the northern Atlantic Ocean and to the south is the Celtic Sea, which lies between Ireland and Brittany, in France. Cider, particularly Magners (marketed in the Republic of Ireland as Bulmers), is also a popular drink. To call a United Kingdom landline or mobile phone from Ireland, dial 00 44, then the UK number without its leading zero. Both networks were designed and constructed independently post-partition. The climate is typically insular and is temperate, avoiding the extremes in temperature of many other areas in the world at similar latitudes. He concludes the chief factors were low taxation, pro-business regulatory policies, and a young, tech-savvy workforce. In the Republic of Ireland, Kilkenny, seat of the Butler dynasty, while no longer a city for administrative purposes (since the 2001 Local Government Act), is entitled by law to continue to use the description. [78] The population has never returned to this level since. The game has been played in an organised fashion in Ireland since the 1870s, with Cliftonville F.C. The Act was passed but with the "temporary" exclusion of the six counties of Ulster that would become Northern Ireland. Gaelic football, hurling and handball are the best-known of the Irish traditional sports, collectively known as Gaelic games. [227] This cuisine is based on fresh vegetables, fish (especially salmon, trout, oysters, mussels and other shellfish), as well as traditional soda breads and the wide range of hand-made cheeses that are now being produced across the country. With Sir John Douglas Cockcroft, he was the first to split the nucleus of the atom by artificial means and made contributions to the development of a new theory of wave equation. In 2000, it was the sixth-richest country in the world in terms of GDP per capita. Republic of Ireland (Poblacht na hÉireann), is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. Prior to partition in 1921, Ireland had a long history as an economic colony - first of the Norse (9th to 10th centuries CE), and later of England. The island’s largest lake, Lough Neagh, which covers an area of 151 square miles is situated in Northern Ireland. The Bronze Age began around 2500 BC, with technology changing people's everyday lives during this period through innovations such as the wheel; harnessing oxen; weaving textiles; brewing alcohol; and skilful metalworking, which produced new weapons and tools, along with fine gold decoration and jewellery, such as brooches and torcs. It remained the dominant language of Ireland for most of those periods, having influences from Latin, Old Norse, French and English. The Irish philosopher and theologian Johannes Scotus Eriugena was considered one of the leading intellectuals of the early Middle Ages. [70] Thus, the parliament in Ireland was abolished and replaced by a united parliament at Westminster in London, though resistance remained, as evidenced by Robert Emmet's failed Irish Rebellion of 1803. a dairy product rather than beef itself) have been a central feature of the diet in Ireland since the Middle Ages. River Shannon, the island's longest river at 386 km (240 mi) long, rises in County Cavan in the north west and flows through Limerick in the mid west. [51] These raids added to a pattern of raiding and endemic warfare that was already deep-seated in Ireland. In 1171, Henry arrived in Ireland in order to review the general progress of the expedition. Irela… [67][page needed] This resulted in the famine of 1740. The lake is also recognized as the largest lake in the British Isles. [103] A period of rapid economic expansion from 1995 onwards became known as the Celtic Tiger period, was brought to an end in 2008 with an unprecedented financial crisis and an economic depression in 2009. Across Ireland, there is significant interest in the English and, to a lesser extent, Scottish soccer leagues. [82] This completed a process of gradual separation from the British Empire that governments had pursued since independence. In 1172, Pope Alexander III further encouraged Henry to advance the integration of the Irish Church with Rome. ", "Independent International Commission on Decommissioning", "Country Comparison: GDP – per capita (PPP)", "Human Development Report 2015: Table A1.1", "National Competitiveness Council Submission on the National Development Plan 2007–2013", "Regional GDP GDP per capita in the EU in 2011: seven capital regions among the ten most prosperous", "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019", "About SEMO: The Single Electricity Market", "Interconnection: East-West Interconnector", "Bord Gáis Marks Completion of South-North Pipeline", "Northern Ireland Energy Holdings – Frequently Asked Questions", "Options For Future Renewable Energy Policy, Targets And Programmes issued by Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources", "FAQ: What is the longest river in Ireland? The island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. He had mathematician John Nash as one of his students. A ring of coastal mountains surround low plains at the centre of the island. His most influential work was Aether and Matter, a book on theoretical physics published in 1900. Over time, the minority Catholic community felt increasingly alienated with further disaffection fuelled by practices such as gerrymandering and discrimination in housing and employment. Irish losses during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (which, in Ireland, included the Irish Confederacy and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland) are estimated to include 20,000 battlefield casualties. It declined under British rule but remained the majority tongue until the early 19th century, and since then has been a minority language. One notable exception to this is association football, although both associations continued to field international teams under the name "Ireland" until the 1950s. Smaller groups included the aithechthúatha (see Attacotti), Cálraighe, Cíarraige, Conmaicne, Dartraighe, Déisi, Éile, Fir Bolg, Fortuatha, Gailenga, Gamanraige, Mairtine, Múscraige, Partraige, Soghain, Uaithni, Uí Maine, Uí Liatháin. [40] The relationship between the Roman Empire and the kingdoms of ancient Ireland is unclear. The Republic of Ireland endured a hard-fought birth. The Hiberno-Scottish missions, begun by the Irish monk Saint Columba, spread the Irish vision of Christianity to pagan England and the Frankish Empire. Some previously extinct birds, such as the golden eagle, have been reintroduced after decades of extirpation.[144]. Common Travel Area rights can only be exercised by citizens of Ireland and the UK. The implementation bodies are: Waterways Ireland, the Food Safety Promotion Board, InterTradeIreland, the Special European Union Programmes Body, the North/South Language Body and the Foyle, Carlingford and Irish Lights Commission. Usually around 40 days of the year are below freezing 0 °C (32 °F) at inland weather stations, compared to 10 days at coastal stations. A version of the Magna Carta (the Great Charter of Ireland), substituting Dublin for London and the Irish Church for, the English church at the time, the Catholic Church, was published in 1216 and the Parliament of Ireland was founded in 1297. With so much to choose from, there is quite literally sometimes for everyone in gorgeous Ireland. Irish rugby has become increasingly competitive at both the international and provincial levels since the sport went professional in 1994. However, they are now connected with three interlinks[116] and also connected through Great Britain to mainland Europe. [223] Consequently, dishes that are considered as national dishes represent a fundamental simplicity to cooking, such as the Irish stew, bacon and cabbage, boxty, a type of potato pancake, or colcannon, a dish of mashed potatoes and kale or cabbage.[223]. On 27 June 2012, Northern Ireland's deputy first minister and former IRA commander, Martin McGuinness, shook hands with Queen Elizabeth II in Belfast, symbolising reconciliation between the two sides. In a system that developed between the 13th and 17th centuries,[158] Ireland has 32 traditional counties. In producing these reports, and in reviewing UK TNE, QAA seeks to liaise with local regulators and quality assurance agencies, and other UK sector bodies with relevant expertise. [16] Later, around 6000 BC, Great Britain became separated from continental Europe. For this reason, pork and white meat were more common than beef, and thick fatty strips of salted bacon (known as rashers) and the eating of salted butter (i.e. The majority, approximately 175,000 in number, under John Redmond, took the name National Volunteers and supported Irish involvement in the war. It covers about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. However, because of the ecological importance of peatlands in storing carbon and their rarity, the EU is attempting to protect this habitat by fining Ireland for digging up peat. There were several unsuccessful attempts to end the Troubles politically, such as the Sunningdale Agreement of 1973. The Norman rulers and the Gaelic Irish elites intermarried and the areas under Norman rule became Gaelicised. It was a neutral country during World War II. There are also many shipwrecks along the coast of Ireland, with some of the best wreck dives being in Malin Head and off the County Cork coast. In 1998, following a ceasefire by the Provisional IRA and multi-party talks, the Good Friday Agreement was concluded as a treaty between the British and Irish governments, annexing the text agreed in the multi-party talks. Each language has produced noteworthy literature. Ireland has made a large contribution to world literature in all its branches, both in Irish and English. Its capital is Dublin. Two-Letter Country Codes ISO 3166-1 ALPHA-2; Three-Letter Country Codes ISO 3166-1 ALPHA-3; Deutsch ; Español ; Français . The earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. The etymology of Ériu is disputed but may derive from the Proto-Indo-European root *h2uer, referring to flowing water. [95][96][97], In the late 1960s, nationalist grievances were aired publicly in mass civil rights protests, which were often confronted by loyalist counter-protests. Mass emigration became deeply entrenched and the population continued to decline until the mid-20th century. [197] William Thomson, or Lord Kelvin, is the person whom the absolute temperature unit, the kelvin, is named after. [66] The new Anglo-Irish ruling class became known as the Protestant Ascendancy. From the mid-14th century, after the Black Death, Norman settlements in Ireland went into a period of decline. [90] Historian R. F. Foster argues the cause was a combination of a new sense of initiative and the entry of American corporations. With the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Ireland's culture comprises elements of the culture of ancient peoples, later immigrant and broadcast cultural influences (chiefly Gaelic culture, Anglicisation, Americanisation and aspects of broader European culture). [14] By about 8000 BC, more sustained occupation of the island has been shown, with evidence for Mesolithic communities around the island. [177], There is now a network of urban Irish speakers in both the Republic and Northern Ireland, especially in Dublin and Belfast,[citation needed] with the children of such Irish speakers sometimes attending Irish-medium schools (Gaelscoil). This success, including Triple Crowns in 2004, 2006 and 2007, culminated with a clean sweep of victories, known as a Grand Slam, in 2009 and 2018. The executive is jointly headed by the first and deputy first minister, with the ministries being allocated in proportion with each party's representation in the assembly. The Oireachtas (equivalent to the parliament) consists of the Dáil Éireann (the lower House) and the Seanad (the 'upper House'). Although Northern Ireland was largely spared the strife of the civil war, in decades that followed partition there were sporadic episodes of inter-communal violence. This completed a comprehensive systemic effort to materially disadvantage Roman Catholics and Protestant Dissenters, while enriching a new ruling class of Anglican conformists. According to contemporary documents and historical analysis, this was achieved through a considerable degree of bribery, with funding provided by the British Secret Service Office, and the awarding of peerages, places and honours to secure votes. The Irish region of the Adjudication Society represents the most recently formed committee of all current regions, having been established in early 2014. [234], This article is about the island in Europe. [79] The population continued to fall until 1961; County Leitrim was the final Irish county to record a population increase post-famine, in 2006. The German intelligence was also active in Ireland. Robert Boyle was a 17th-century natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, inventor and early gentleman scientist. English Crown control remained relatively unshaken in an amorphous foothold around Dublin known as The Pale, and under the provisions of Poynings' Law of 1494, the Irish Parliamentary legislation was subject to the approval of the English Privy Council.[61]. Members of the government are chosen from both the Dáil and the upper house of parliament, the Seanad. This combination of cultural influences is visible in the intricate designs termed Irish interlace or Celtic knotwork. [36] In his later work, Geography, Ptolemy refers to Ireland as Iouernia and to Great Britain as Albion. Since the 20th century Irish pubs worldwide have become outposts of Irish culture, especially those with a full range of cultural and gastronomic offerings. United States Census Bureau. In 1937, it became constitutionally known as the State of Ireland. A similar genetic replacement happened with lineages in mitochondrial DNA. It is a popular tourist destination for surfing and contains 5 Blue Flag beaches and Croaghaun one of the worlds highest sea cliffs. [77] By the end of the decade, half of all immigration to the United States was from Ireland. There is the rugged landscape of the mountains and natural wonders like the otherworldly Burren and the striking Cliffs of Moher, as well as historic castles and ancient abbeys. When de Valera achieved power, he took advantage of the Statute of Westminster and political circumstances to build upon inroads to greater sovereignty made by the previous government. 2020-08-29. They were said to have given their name to the island. a new language and culture introduced directly by migration and genetic replacement). However, it was not until 1949 that the state was declared, officially, to be the Republic of Ireland. [20][35] This conclusion is supported by recent research carried out by the geneticist David Reich, who says: “British and Irish skeletons from the Bronze Age that followed the Beaker period had at most 10 percent ancestry from the first farmers of these islands, with other 90 percent from people like those associated with the Bell Beaker culture in the Netherlands.” He suggests that it was Beaker users who introduced an Indo-European language, represented here by Celtic (i.e. All countries in the world. [76] In the century that followed, an economic depression caused by the famine resulted in a further million people emigrating. [110] Several other places are on the tentative list, for example the Burren, the Ceide Fields[111] and Mount Stewart. Traditionally, Ireland is subdivided into four provinces: Connacht (west), Leinster (east), Munster (south), and Ulster (north). The island is noted for the breeding and training of race horses and is also a large exporter of racing dogs. Large wind farms have been constructed in Cork, Donegal, Mayo and Antrim.
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